Shawn Zhong

Shawn Zhong

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Shawn Zhong

钟万祥
  • Tutorials
  • Mathematics
    • Math 240
    • Math 375
    • Math 431
    • Math 514
    • Math 521
    • Math 541
    • Math 632
    • Abstract Algebra
    • Linear Algebra
    • Category Theory
  • Computer Sciences
    • CS/ECE 252
    • CS/ECE 352
    • Learn Haskell
  • AP Notes
    • AP Microecon
    • AP Macroecon
    • AP Statistics
    • AP Chemistry
    • AP Physics E&M
    • AP Physics Mech
    • CLEP Psycho

Home / 2018 / January / Page 4

Math 521 – 1/29

  • Jan 30, 2018
  • Shawn
  • Math 521
  • No comments yet
Proposition 1.14 • Given a field F, for x,y,z∈F (1) If x+y=x+z, then y=z (2) If x+y=x, then y=0 (3) If x+y=0, then y=−x (4) −(−x)=x • Proof (1) ○ x+y=x+z ○ (x+y)+(−x)=(x+z)+(−x) by (A5) ○ x+y+(−x)=x+z+(−x) by (A3) ○ x+(−x)+y=x+(−x)+z by (A2) ○ 0+y=0+z by (A6) ○ y=z∎ by (A4) • Proof (2) ○ x+y=x=x+0 ○ ⇒y=0∎ • Proof (3) ○ x+y=0=x+(−x) ○ ⇒y=−x∎ • Proof (4) ○ (−x)+(−(−x))=0 ○ x+(−x)+(−(−x))=x+0 ○ 0+(−(−x))=x+0 ○ −(−x)=x∎ Proposition 1.15 • Given a field F, for x,y,z∈F (1) If x≠0 and xy=xz, then y=z (2) If x≠0 and xy=x, then y=1 (3) If x≠0 and xy=1, then y=1/x (4) If x≠0, then 1/(1/x)=x • Proof similar to Proposition 1.14 Proposition 1.16 • Given a field F, for x,y∈F (1) 0x=0 (2) If x≠0 and y≠0, then xy≠0 (3) (−x)y=−(xy)=x(−y) (4) (−x)(−y)=xy • Proof (1) ○ 0+0=0 ○ (0+0)x=0x ○ 0x+0x=0x ○ 0x+0x+(−(0x))=0x+(−(0x)) ○ 0x=0∎ • Proof (2) ○ Suppose x≠0, y≠0, but xy=0 ○ x≠0, so 1/x exists ○ 1/x (xy)=1/x⋅0 ○ (1/x⋅x)y=1/x⋅0 ○ 1⋅y=0 ○ y=0 ○ This is a contradiction, so xy≠0∎ • Proof (3) ○ (−x)y+xy=((−x)+x)y=0⋅y=0 ○ (−x)y+xy+(−xy)=0+(−xy) ○ (−x)y=−xy ○ And the rest is similar • Proof (4) ○ Use (3), (−x)(−y)=−(x(−y))=−(−xy)=xy∎ Order • Intuition ○ The real number line • Definition ○ Let S be a set. ○ An order on S is a relation, denoted by ,with the following two properties: § If x∈S and y∈S, then one and only one of the statements xy, x=y, yx is true § If x,y,z∈S, if xy and yz, then xz (Transitivity) ○ x≤y means either xy or x=y ○ x≥y means either xy or x=y ○ An ordered set is a set for which an order is defined. • Example ○ Q is an ordered set under the definition that ○ For r,s∈Q, rs, if and only if s−r is positive Upper Bound and Lower Bound • Definition ○ Suppose S is an ordered set and E⊂S. ○ If there exists β∈S such that x≤β, ∀x∈E ○ We say that x is bounded above and call β an upper bound for E ○ Similarly, if x≥β, ∀x∈E. ○ We say that x is bonded below by β, and β is a lower bound for E
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Math 521 – 1/26

  • Jan 30, 2018
  • Shawn
  • Math 521
  • No comments yet
Sets • Contains ○ If A is a set and x is an element of A (an object of A), then we write x∈A ○ Otherwise, we write x∉A • Set ○ The empty set or null set is a set with no elements, and is denoted as ∅ ○ If a set has at least one element, it is called nonempty • Subset ○ If A and B are sets and every element of A is an element of B ○ Then A is a subset of B ○ Rubin write this A⊂B, or B⊃A ○ A⊂A for all sets A • Proper subset ○ If B contain something not in A, then A is a proper subset of B • Equal ○ If A⊂B and B⊂A then A=B. ○ Otherwise A≠B √2 is Not Rational • We proved that √2 is not rational • i.e. there is no rational number p such that p^2=2 • Let A={p∈Qp^2<2}, B={p∈Qp^2>2} • Prove: A has no largest element, and B has no smallest element ○ Let p∈Q, and p>0 ○ Let q≔p−(p^2−2)/(p+2)=(2p+2)/(p+2),then q^2−2=((2p+2)/(p+2))^2−2=2(p^2−2)/(p+2)^2 ○ If p∈A § then p^2−2<0 § ⇒q^2−2=2(p^2−2)/(p+2)^2 <0 § ⇒q^2<2 § ⇒q∈A § ⇒q>p § i.e. A has no largest element ○ If p∈B § then p^2−2>0 § ⇒q^2−2=2(p^2−2)/(p+2)^2 >0 § ⇒q^2>2 § ⇒q∈B § ⇒q</p> <p § i.e. B has no smallest element What is R? • The real numbers are an example of field. • A field is a set F with two binary operations called addition and multiplication that satisfy that following axioms: • Axioms for addition (+) ○ (A1) If x∈F and y∈F, then x+y∈F ○ (A2) Addition is communicate: x+y=y+x,∀x,y∈F ○ (A3) Addition is associative: (x+y)+z=x+(y+z),∀x,y,z∈F ○ (A4) There exists 0∈F s.t. x+0=x, ∀x∈F ○ (A5) ∀x∈F, there exists an additive inverse −x∈F s.t. x+(−x)=0 • Axioms for multiplication (× or ⋅) ○ (M1) If x∈F and y∈F, then xy∈F ○ (M2) Addition is communicate: xy=yx,∀x,y∈F ○ (M3) Addition is associative: (xy)z=x(yz),∀x,y,z∈F ○ (M4) F contains an element 1≠0 s.t. 1⋅x=x, ∀x∈F ○ (M5) If x∈F and x≠0, then there exists 1/x∈F s.t. x⋅1/x=1 • (D) The distributive law: x(y+z)=xy+xz, ∀x,y,z∈F
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Math 521 – 1/24

  • Jan 30, 2018
  • Shawn
  • Math 521
  • No comments yet
Course Overview • The real number system • Metric spaces and basic topology • Sequences and series • Continuity • Topics from differential and integral calculus Grading Homework assignments 20% Quiz (Feb. 9) 5% Midterm 1 (Mar. 9) 20% Midterm 2 (Apr. 13) 20% Final (May. 10 7:45-9:45 AM) 35% A ≥90% B ≥80% C ≥70% D ≥60% Tutoring • Tom Stone @VV B205 • Monday 2:30 - 4:30 PM • Tuesday 2:00 - 4:00 PM What is Analysis • Proof • How calculus works • Fundamental axioms Number Systems • Natural Numbers: N={1,2,3,…} • Integers: Z={0,±1,±2,±3,…} • Rational Numbers: Q={a/b│a,b∈Zb≠0} • Real numbers R: fill the "holes" in the rational numbers √2 is not rational • There is no rational number p such that p^2=2 • Proof by contradiction • Assume there is a rational number p such that p^2=2 • Then p=m/n , where m,n∈Z, n≠0, and m,n have no common factor • (m/n)^2=2⇒m^2/n^2 =2⇒m^2=2n^2 • So m is even • m=2k (k∈Z⇒(2k)^2=2n^2⇒4k^2=2n^2⇒2k^2=n^2 • So n is also even • m,n are both division by 2 • This contradicts the fact that m,n have no common factor • So no such p exists
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第1讲 集合的定义

  • Jan 06, 2018
  • Shawn
  • Abstract Algebra
  • No comments yet
集合 • 大致定义 ○ 一些对象,需要有方法判断对象是否属于集合 • 元素 ○ 即集合里的个体 ○ 将 x 属于集合 A 记作 x∈A • 例子 ○ 用大括号括起元素来表示集合 § {1,2,3,4} § 1∈{1,2,3,4} § 5∉{1,2,3,4} ○ 可以用省略号省略集合元素 § {1,2,3,4,…} ○ 常见的集合符号 § 整数集 Z § 自然数集 N § 有理数集 Q § 实数集 R ○ 空集 ∅ § 所有对空集进行的全称命题均为真 § ∀x∈∅, x≠x 真命题 ○ 用描述法表示集合 § {班上的同学} § {八大行星} 集合间的关系 • 包含 ○ 对于集合 A 与 B ○ 定义 A⊆B 当且仅当 ∀x∈A, x∈B • 相等 ○ 对于集合 A 与 B ○ 定义 A=B 当且仅当 A⊆B,且 B⊆A 空集 • 定理 1:对于任意集合A ○ 因为所有对空集进行的全称命题均为真 ○ 所以 ∀x∈∅, x∈A 为真命题 ○ 即 ∅⊆A • 定理 2:只有一个∅ ○ 假设有两个空集∅, ∅^′ ○ 那么根据定理1,我们得到 ∅⊆∅^′,∅^′⊆∅ ○ 即 ∅=∅′
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第2讲 集合的运算

  • Jan 06, 2018
  • Shawn
  • Abstract Algebra
  • No comments yet
并集和交集 • 并集 ○ 对于任意集合 A,B,定义 A 与 B 的并集为 ○ A∪B={x∈A 或者 x∈B} • 交集 ○ 对于任意集合 A,B,定义 A 与 B 的交集为 ○ A∩B={x∈A 并且 x∈B} • 结合律 ○ 定理 1:(A∪B)∪C=A∪(B∪C) § x∈(A∪B)∪C 当且仅当 x∈A 或 x∈B 或 x∈C § x∈A∪(B∪C) 当且仅当 x∈A 或 x∈B 或 x∈C § 故 (A∪B)∪C=A∪(B∪C) ○ 定理 2:(A∩B)∩C=A∩(B∩C) § x∈(A∩B)∩C 当且仅当 x∈A 且 x∈B 且 x∈C § x∈A∩(B∩C) 当且仅当 x∈A 且 x∈B 且 x∈C § 故 (A∩B)∩C=A∩(B∩C) • 交换律 ○ 定理 3:A∪B=B∪A ○ 定理 4:A∩B=B∩A • 分配律 ○ 定理 5:(A∪B)∩C=(A∩C)∪(B∩C) § 先证 (A∪B)∩C⊆(A∩C)∪(B∩C) □ 令 x∈(A∪B)∩C □ ⇒x∈A∪B 且 x∈C □ ⇒(x∈A 且 x∈C) 或 (x∈B 且 x∈C) □ ⇒x∈(A∩C)∪(B∩C) □ 即 (A∪B)∩C⊆(A∩C)∪(B∩C) § 再证 (A∩C)∪(B∩C)⊆(A∪B)∩C □ A⊆A∪B □ ⇒A∩C⊆(A∪B)∩C □ 同理 B∩C⊆(A∪B)∩C □ 故 (A∩C)∪(B∩C)⊆(A∪B)∩C § 故 (A∪B)∩C=(A∩C)∪(B∩C) ○ 定理 6:(A∩B)∪C=(A∪C)∩(B∪C) ○ 注:可以类比 (a+b)×c=a×c+b×c 索引集 • 引入 ○ 把要取并集或交集的集合 A_α,组成一个新的集合 {A_α |α∈I} ○ 我们将下标 α 组成的集合称为索引集,即集合 I ○ I 中的每个元素 α 都对应一个集合 A_α • 记号 ○ 对所有 A_α 取并集可以记作 ⋃8_(α∈I)▒A_α ○ 对所有 A_α 取交集可以记作 ⋂8_(α∈I)▒A_α 德摩根定律 • 对于 A_α⊆U • 交集的补集等于补集的并集 ○ (⋂8_(α∈I)▒A_α )^c=⋃8_(α∈I)▒A_α^c • 并集的补集等于补集的交集 ○ (⋃8_(α∈I)▒A_α^ )^c=⋂8_(α∈I)▒A_α^c 卡氏积 • 定义 ○ 对于任意集合 A 与 B,定义 A 与 B 的卡氏积为 ○ A×B={(x,y)|x∈A,y∈B} • 例1 ○ A={a,b,c} ○ B={1,2} ○ A×B={(a,1),(a,2),(b,1),(b,2),(c,1),(c,2)} • 例2 ○ 实数集 R ○ R×R={(x,y)┤|x,y∈R} 即平面 R2 不交并 • 定义 ○ 对于任意集合 A,B ○ 令 A^∗=A×{0}, B^∗=B×{1} ○ A⊔B=A^∗∪B^∗ • 例1 ○ 若 x∈A∩B,则 (x,0),(x,1)∈A⊔B • 例2 ○ A={1,2,3}, B={1,2} ○ A^∗={(1,0),(2,0),(3,0)}, B^∗={(1,1),(2,1)} ○ A⊔B=A^∗∪B^∗={(1,0),(2,0),(3,0),(1,1),(2,1)} 幂集 • 定义 ○ 对于任意集合 A,定义 A 的幂集为 ○ 2^A={所有 A 的子集组成的集合} • 例1 ○ A={1,2} ○ 2^A={∅,{1},{2},{1,2}} • 例2 ○ 2^∅={∅} 思考题 • ∅×A=? ○ ∅×={(x,y)|x∈∅,y∈A}=∅ • A×∅=? ○ A×∅={(x,y)|x∈A,y∈∅}=∅ • ∅×∅=? ○ ∅×∅={(x,y)|x∈∅,y∈∅}=∅
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